In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF), also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies. This is the case in single-mode fibers, where we can have waves with different frequencies, but of the same mode, which means that they are distributed in space in the same way, and that gives us a single ray of light. Although the ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often called transverse mode since its electromagnetic oscillations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber. The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao for his theoretical work on the single-mode optical fiber. The standards G.652 and G.657 define the most widely used forms of single-mode optical fiber.
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{"slip": { "id": 118, "advice": "A common regret in life is wishing one had the courage to be ones true self."}}
{"type":"standard","title":"Chief Minister of Penang","displaytitle":"Chief Minister of Penang","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q6566930","titles":{"canonical":"Chief_Minister_of_Penang","normalized":"Chief Minister of Penang","display":"Chief Minister of Penang"},"pageid":1726686,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Chow_Kon_Yeow_2019.jpg/330px-Chow_Kon_Yeow_2019.jpg","width":320,"height":427},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Chow_Kon_Yeow_2019.jpg","width":1399,"height":1866},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1263756556","tid":"44689722-bd41-11ef-8359-1b08897d54c0","timestamp":"2024-12-18T13:09:09Z","description":"Head of government of the Malaysian state of Penang","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chief_Minister_of_Penang"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Chief_Minister_of_Penang","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Chief_Minister_of_Penang"}},"extract":"The chief minister of Penang is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Penang. According to convention, the chief minister is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Penang State Legislative Assembly. The chief minister's official residence is Seri Teratai in the capital city of George Town.","extract_html":"
The chief minister of Penang is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Penang. According to convention, the chief minister is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Penang State Legislative Assembly. The chief minister's official residence is Seri Teratai in the capital city of George Town.
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